The ascension of women in the biomedical sciences during the twentieth century.

While scientists were always cognizant of the fact that they must be objective about the questions they ask of nature, there was a time when they were less willing to consider the diverse views that could be contributed by female participation. Undervalued in terms of their intellect, ambition, and curiosity, women found it difficult to compete for and/or retain a research post, particularly when they married. As a result, many women undaunted by existing convention had to work without remuneration or were financially supported by colleagues and/ or relatives. But eventually, the time became right for a change in culture-bound attitudes. The present work revisits the inestimable accomplishments of five unique women in creating a positive environment for those scientists who have succeeded them.